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The Reformasi is the name given to a protest movement that began in September 1998, throughout Malaysia, receiving global attention. It was initiated by Anwar Ibrahim together with many reformists and activists shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister by the country's then Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad in September 1998. The massive movement consist of civil disobedience, demonstration, sit-in, rioting, occupation and online activism, involving several thousand of people throughout Malaysia who protesting against Barisan Nasional government under Mahathir Cabinet. Reformasi started off as a political campaign to call an end to corruption, cronyism, discrimination, privilege and social inequality that is contrary in practice and principle to social equality, social justice and meritocracy. The goal of Reformasi movement was the resignation of the longest serving Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad and demanding an end to Mahathir's corrupt regime. Building on the momentum of the Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (Malay: Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial) (Adil) was formed and led by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, wife of Anwar Ibrahim. However facing difficulties in registering Adil as a political party, the reformasi movement took over a small party Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia and led to the formation of a new multiracial-based party named Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party) in 1999. On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity (Parti Keadilan Nasional and Parti Rakyat Malaysia) was officially launched and assumed its current name, Parti Keadilan Rakyat. Although the Reformasi movement gradually ended after 1999 general election, the Reformasi still being in use as slogan till now. The other similar slogans like Lawan Tetap Lawan, Ubah and Ini Kalilah just become popular in 2010s. == Background == Reformasi was triggered by several mass protests against Barisan Nasional government and continued even after Anwar's arrest in late 1998. The movement borrowed their idiom from the campaign in Indonesia against Suharto, which at that time protested against the establishment of Suharto in pursuit of "Reformasi."〔Case, W. (2004). New Uncertainties for an Old Pseudo-Democracy: The Case of Malaysia, ''Comparative Politics'', ''37'' (1), p 89. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4150125 . Accessed: 24/10/2014.〕 Before his arrest on 20 September, Anwar travelled across the county, giving public lectures to huge crowds on justice, the prevalence of cronyism and corruption, the urgency for social safety nets and so on. These groups controlled an expansive grassroots network and were able to garner tens of thousands of mostly Malay youths to support Anwar's cause and his calls for Reformasi. Opposition parties such as the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) also extended their support. After leading a huge rally in Kuala Lumpur on 20 September 1998, in the midst of the Commonwealth Games and Queen Elizabeth's visit to Kuala Lumpur, Anwar was finally arrested and detained under the Internal Security Act (Malaysia). A number of his followers were also held under the ISA, and hundreds of demonstrators were eventually charged with illegal assembly and related offences.〔Weiss, L. M. (1999). What Will Become of Reformasi? Ethnicity and Changing Political Norms in Malaysia. ''Contemporary Southeast Asia'', ''21''(3) pp 426-427. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25798468 . Accessed: 24/10/2014 〕 Demonstrations intensified by the surrounding actions against Anwar - his arrest at gunpoint, assault by the chief of police, widely publicized sexual allegations against him.〔Anwar’s character assassination worsened when a swirl of poison-pen letters hit the scene targeting him. Also, at the UMNO’s 18–21 June Annual General Assembly, the book, 50 Dalil Mengapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM (50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot Be Prime Minister) mysteriously found its way into the delegate bags of attendees. Though Anwar insisted that the claims in the book were defamatory, some of them resurfaced among the legal charges levelled against him. There was speculation that Anwar had been orchestrating a coup at the June 1998's party General Assembly rather than wait for Mahathir to follow through on his promise to hand over power soon. There, Mahathir outwitted Anwar by, for instance, undercutting Anwar's charges of cronyism by revealing that many came from Anwar himself. However, those were quickly subdued after Mahathir made his official endorsement of Anwar as his successor in the presence of the members of the Supreme Council during the Assembly.〕〔Weiss, p 27. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25798468. Accessed: 24/10/2014 〕〔Billington, G. G (1998). Malaysia's Mahathir trumps 'anti-corruption' crowd. EIR, 25.〕 and his highly controversial court cases. Thousands took to the streets in protest when Anwar was sentenced to six years jail for corruption (abuse of power) in April 1999. Police repression was again harsh and 118 people were arrested. Police dispersed protesters with the tear gas, chemical water and bludgeons, and publicised photographs and lists in the mainstream press of people wanted for interrogation. Apart from direct confrontation in the streets, the government and the opposition maintained an acrimonious campaign against each other, in the mainstream and the alternative media respectively. The latter included the bilingual (English and Malay) PAS newspaper, Harakah, published twice a week, smaller weekly and monthly publications such as Eksklusif, Detik and Tamadun, and several sites on the Internet.〔Funston, J.(2000). Malaysia's Tenth Elections: Status Quo, "Reformasi" or Islamization? ''Contemporary Southeast Asia''. ''22''(1) pp25-26. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25798478. Accessed: 24/10/2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reformasi (Malaysia)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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